Challenges and sustainable Solution in Oil and Gas Exploration on communities in Zanzibar:A case of Unguja and Pemba Island

Abstract

The study investigates challenges and sustainable solution in oil and gas exploration on communities in Zanzibar, focusing the West Urban Region, Kama and Tundauwa in Pemba Island. A descriptive cross-sectional design with a qualitative approach was employed to allow an in-depth exploration of participants’ perceptions and experience. The study population comprised six key stakeholders groups including government institutions, regulatory authorities, environmental agencies, local oil companies, local government and costal and farming communities. A sample of 50 participants was selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques to ensure the inclusion of individuals with relevant knowledge and lives experiences.
Data were collected through key informant interview, focus group discussions and field observations including destruction of fishing grounds, farmland, residential structure and other livelihood resources. The study also examined challenges faced by various institutions involved in oil and gas governance.
Findings revealed significant challenges such as limited data accessibility, inadequate stakeholder coordination, insufficient regulatory enforcement, gaps in community awareness, environmental risk linked to exploration technologies and disturbance to local economic activities. Corresponding solutions proposed by stakeholders included strengthening cooperation among institutions, improving data management system, enhancing technological capacity, increasing community participation, enforcing environmental regulations and providing education and awareness program.